April 2002 Draft
JavaScript 2.0
Libraries
Machine Types
|
Thursday, December 6, 2001
Machine types are optional low-level types for use in JavaScript 2.0 programs. Implementations are not required to support
these types. These types provide faster, Java-style integer operations that are useful for communicating between JavaScript
2.0 and other programming languages and for performance-critical code. These types are not intended to replace Number
and Integer
for general-purpose scripting.
The following types become available:
Type |
Unit |
Values |
---|---|---|
sbyte |
Integer values between –128 and 127 inclusive, excluding –0.0 |
|
byte |
Integer values between 0 and 255 inclusive, excluding –0.0 |
|
short |
Integer values between –32768 and 32767 inclusive, excluding –0.0 |
|
ushort |
Integer values between 0 and 65535 inclusive, excluding –0.0 |
|
int |
Integer values between –2147483648 and 2147483647 inclusive, excluding –0.0 |
|
uint |
Integer values between 0 and 4294967295 inclusive, excluding –0.0 |
|
long |
L |
Long integer values between –9223372036854775808 and 9223372036854775807 inclusive |
ulong |
UL |
Long integer values between 0 and 18446744073709551615 inclusive |
float |
F |
Single-precision IEEE floating-point numbers, including positive and negative zeroes, infinities, and NaN |
The above type names are not reserved words. The units are defined using the standard unit facility and may be overridden by the programmer.
The first six types sbyte
, byte
, short
, ushort
, int
, and
uint
are all proper subtypes of Integer
, which is itself a subtype of Number
. A particular
number such is a member of multiple types. For example, 3.0 is a member of sbyte
, byte
, short
,
ushort
, int
, uint
, Integer
, Number
, and Object
,
while –2000.0 is a member of short
, int
, Integer
, Number
, and Object
.
JavaScript does not distinguish between the literals 3 and 3.0 in any way.
All arithmetic operations and comparisons on sbyte
, byte
, short
, ushort
,
int
, and uint
values treat them just like they would any other Number
values —
the operations are performed using full IEEE double-precision arithmetic.
There are no predefined implict or explicit
coercions from values of type sbyte
, byte
, short
, ushort
, int
,
or uint
other than the coercions predefined on the type Number
. The following predefined implicit
coercions are applicable when the destination type is sbyte
, byte
, short
, ushort
,
int
, or uint
:
undefined
+0.0long
and ulong
values within range of the destination type T are converted to equivalent
values of type Tfloat
values within range of the destination type T are converted to equivalent
values of type TInteger
, finite integral float
, long
,
or ulong
not within range of the destination type T and the wrap
pragma
is in effect, then x is treated modulo |T|, where |int8
| = |uint8
| = 256,
|int16
| = |uint16
| = 65536, and |int32
| = |uint32
| = 232.Note that there are no implicit coercions from NaN or positive or negative infinity
to sbyte
, byte
, short
, ushort
, int
, or uint
.
Define explicit coercions — should they truncate (or perhaps round) non-integral values?
The types long
and ulong
represent signed and unsigned 64-bit integers. long
and
ulong
literals are written with the unit L
or UL
and no exponent or decimal point.
Literal values of type long
are written as –9223372036854775808L
through 9223372036854775807L
.
Literal values of type ulong
are written as 0UL
through 18446744073709551615UL
.
The types long
and ulong
are disjoint from Number
, so 5L
and 5
are different objects, although they compare ==
to each other. 5L
and 5UL
are also
different objects, although they compare ==
and ===
to each other.
Negation, addition, subtraction, and multiplication, and modulo (%
) on long
and ulong
values is exact, and long
and ulong
values may be mixed in an expression. There are five possible
cases depending on the mathematical result x:
long
.ulong
if at least one operand has type ulong
; otherwise, the result
has type long
.ulong
.wrap
pragma is not in effect then an error occurs.ulong
then the result is the ulong
value congruent
to x modulo 264; otherwise, the result is the long
value congruent to x
modulo 264.Division on long
and ulong
values truncates towards zero to obtain an integer x which is then
treated in the above manner.
Division and modulo on long
and ulong
values can produce the Number
values positive
infinity or NaN.
The logical operations &
, |
, and ^
are 64 bits wide if at least one operand
is a long
or ulong
. The result is a ulong
if at least one operand is a ulong
;
otherwise, the result is a long
.
The logical shifts <<
, >>
, and >>>
are 64 bits wide if the
first operand is a long
or ulong
. The result is a ulong
if the first operand is a ulong
;
otherwise, the result is a long
. >>
copies the most significant bit and >>>
shifts in zero bits regardless of whether the first operand is a long
or ulong
.
Arithmetic mixing a long
or ulong
operand with a Number
(or any subtype of Number
)
or float
operand first coerces the Number
or float
operand to a long
value
(or ulong
if it’s out of range). Comparisons mixing a long
or ulong
operand with
a Number
(or any subtype of Number
) or float
operand compare exact mathematical values
without any coercions.
The following predefined implicit coercions are applicable when the destination
type is long
:
undefined
0Lulong
values between 0UL and 9223372036854775807UL are converted to equivalent long
values.Integer
values between –9223372036854775808 and 9223372036854775807 are converted to equivalent
long
values.float
values between –9223372036854775808F and 9223372036854775807F are converted
to equivalent long
values.ulong
, finite Integer
, or finite integral float
and the wrap
pragma is in effect, then x is treated modulo
264 to produce a long
value.The following predefined implicit coercions are applicable when the destination
type is ulong
:
undefined
0Llong
values between 0L and 9223372036854775807L are converted to equivalent ulong
values.Integer
values between –0.0 and 18446744073709551615 are converted to equivalent ulong
values.float
values between –0.0F and 18446744073709551615F are converted to equivalent
ulong
values.long
, finite Integer
, or finite integral float
and the wrap
pragma is in effect, then x is treated modulo
264 to produce a ulong
value.Note that there are no implicit coercions from NaN or positive or negative infinity
to long
or ulong
.
A long
or ulong
value can be implicitly coerced to
type Number
or Integer
. The result is the closest representable Number
value using
the same rounding as when a string is converted to a number. If the source is 0L or 0UL then the result is +0.0.
Define explicit coercions — should they truncate (or perhaps round) non-integral values?
The type float
represents single-precision IEEE floating-point numbers. float
literals are written
with the unit F
. float
infinities and NaN are separate from Number
infinities and NaN.
The type float
is disjoint from Number
, so 5F
and 5
are different objects,
although they compare ==
and ===
to each other.
Arithmetic involving only float
values is done using float
arithmetic. Arithmetic mixing float
and Number
(or any subtype of Number
) values is done using Number
arithmetic. Comparisons
mixing a float
operand with a Number
(or any subtype of Number
) operand compare exact
mathematical values without any coercions (which in this case is equivalent to first coercing the float
to a
Number
).
The logical operations &
, |
, ^
, <<
, >>
,
and >>>
coerce any float
operands to type Number
before proceeding.
The following predefined implicit coercions are applicable when the destination
type is float
:
undefined
(NaN)"F"
Number
values (including NaN and the infinities) are converted to the closest representable float
values.long
and ulong
values are converted to the closest representable float
values.A float
value can be implicitly coerced to type Number
.
The result is the equivalent Number
value.
Waldemar Horwat Last modified Thursday, December 6, 2001 |